# Source code for strawberryfields.utils.random_numbers_matrices

# Copyright 2019 Xanadu Quantum Technologies Inc.

# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at

# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
"""
This module defines and implements several utility functions generate random
numbers and matrices corresponding to various quantum states and operations.
"""
import numpy as np
import scipy as sp

__all__ = [
"randnc",
"random_covariance",
"random_symplectic",
"random_interferometer",
]

# ------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Random numbers and matrices                                           |
# ------------------------------------------------------------------------

[docs]def randnc(*arg):
"""Normally distributed array of random complex numbers."""
return np.random.randn(*arg) + 1j * np.random.randn(*arg)

[docs]def random_covariance(N, hbar=2, pure=False, block_diag=False):
r"""Random covariance matrix.

Args:
N (int): number of modes
hbar (float): the value of :math:\hbar to use in the definition
of the quadrature operators :math:\x and :math:\p
pure (bool): If True, a random covariance matrix corresponding
to a pure state is returned.
block_diag (bool): If True, uses passive Gaussian transformations that are orthogonal
instead of unitary. This implies that the positions :math:q do not mix with
the momenta :math:p and thus the covariance matrix is block diagonal.
Returns:
array: random :math:2N\times 2N covariance matrix
"""
S = random_symplectic(N, block_diag=block_diag)

if pure:
return (hbar / 2) * S @ S.T

nbar = 2 * np.abs(np.random.random(N)) + 1
Vth = (hbar / 2) * np.diag(np.concatenate([nbar, nbar]))

return S @ Vth @ S.T

[docs]def random_symplectic(N, passive=False, block_diag=False, scale=1.0):
r"""Random symplectic matrix representing a Gaussian transformation.

The squeezing parameters :math:r for active transformations are randomly
sampled from the standard normal distribution, while passive transformations
are randomly sampled from the Haar measure. Note that for the Symplectic
group there is no notion of Haar measure since this is group is not compact.

Args:
N (int): number of modes
passive (bool): If True, returns a passive Gaussian transformation (i.e.,
one that preserves photon number). If False (default), returns an active
transformation.
block_diag (bool): If True, uses passive Gaussian transformations that are orthogonal
instead of unitary. This implies that the positions :math:q do not mix with
the momenta :math:p and thus the symplectic operator is block diagonal
scale (float): Sets the scale of the random values used as squeezing parameters.
They will range from 0 to :math:\sqrt{2}\texttt{scale}

Returns:
array: random :math:2N\times 2N symplectic matrix
"""
U = random_interferometer(N, real=block_diag)
O = np.vstack([np.hstack([U.real, -U.imag]), np.hstack([U.imag, U.real])])

if passive:
return O

U = random_interferometer(N, real=block_diag)
P = np.vstack([np.hstack([U.real, -U.imag]), np.hstack([U.imag, U.real])])

r = scale * np.abs(randnc(N))
Sq = np.diag(np.concatenate([np.exp(-r), np.exp(r)]))

return O @ Sq @ P

[docs]def random_interferometer(N, real=False):
r"""Random unitary matrix representing an interferometer.

For more details, see :cite:mezzadri2006.

Args:
N (int): number of modes
real (bool): return a random real orthogonal matrix

Returns:
array: random :math:N\times N unitary distributed with the Haar measure
"""
if real:
z = np.random.randn(N, N)
else:
z = randnc(N, N) / np.sqrt(2.0)
q, r = sp.linalg.qr(z)
d = np.diagonal(r)
ph = d / np.abs(d)
U = np.multiply(q, ph, q)
return U


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